History Of Genetic Engineering - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1468 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Science Essay Level High school Topics: Genetic Engineering Essay Did you like this example? HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Curiosity is one of the natures of mankind, it is to surprise that we ventured down the road of genetic engineering to find ways to make living easier for us. Genetic engineering has been occurring even far back to the Bible days without knowledge of it. Most people that are against genetic mutation, says it is trying to play God, same reason why those people are against plastic surgery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of Genetic Engineering" essay for you Create order Genetic engineering is useful in many areas of ours, especially in Agriculture. Lets go back to his it all started, Farmers and scientists alike used to conduct selective breeding to create animal offsprings with the desired trait. Genetic engineering is similar, except, a fragment of the DNA with the desired trait is placed in a living organism to produce an entirely new organism. The standard used in genetic technology today was discovered more than a century ago. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the source of species which was one of the first articles hat gave extensive information on the topic of breeding in that generation (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1865 Gregor Mendel published his discovery of the breeding of peas, which became a base for the study of modern genetics, which furthered the advancement of the field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major discovery in recombinant DNA technology occurred in 1941 once George Beadle and E. L. Tatum managed to pin a factor defect to one purpose of origin within the organic chemistry pathway which might are applied by associate degree accelerator that was missing (A brief history of genetic modification). They managed to reinstate the normal growth of a mutant micro-organism by adding in the missing enzyme, proving that humans can correct gene defects by adding in the missing ingredient. Furthering the study of DNA in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA which finally allowed the gene map to make sense to scientists (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Then furthering the understanding of the genetic code in 1966 Marshall Nirenberg Har Gobind Khorana finished the unraveling of the genetic code. Then furthering the information of enzymes within the late Sixties Stewart Linn Werner Arber created the invention of restriction enzymes in E. coli. In 1973 Stanley Cohen and musician Boyer did the impossible (A temporary history of genetic modification). They fictional deoxyribonucleic acid biological research, which allowed genes to be transferred from one organism to another. Then in 1974 for the first time in human history Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer created the first genetically modified organism. In response to the current event a conference was control within the us in 1975 wherever scientists met on the QT to deliberate however they must proceed with this discovery of new deoxyribonucleic acid technology, also to find a way to self-regulate the technology (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To then further assist scientists in 1976 The National Institute of Health in the United States created guidelines on how genetic modification research was to be conducted. In 1977 Frederick Sanger developed chain termination deoxyribonucleic acid that enabled scientists to browse the ester sequence in an exceedingly deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (A temporary history of genetic modification). In 1980 the primary genetically changed mouse was created, and then in 1982 a giant mouse was produced by transferring growth hormones from a rat to the mouse. In 1983 Kary Mullis, who is a biochemist, created the polymerase chain reaction which is a technique which allowed scientist to recreate fractions of DNA at greater speeds than scientists may antecedently do (A temporary history of genetic modification). Kary Mullis was given the Nobel Prize for this invention in 1993. From the 1980s to the early 1990s China placed the first genetically modified crops on the market, whic h were a virus-resistant tobacco plant and a virus-resistant tomato plant. In 1982 Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter inserted the gene for the human growth hormone in the embryo of a mouse, which the resulting mouse was twice the size of the average adult mouse (A brief history of genetic modification). Richard Palmiter and Ralph Brinsters experiment with the mouse resulted in the fact that scientists can use mice to test genes and that fact has led to many scientist using mice to test genes for causes, and treatment options for numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and sickle cell (The Transgenic Mouse). In the assistance of criminal apprehension genetic fingerprinting was developed in 1984 which allowed police to find and identify criminals by DNA they left at a crime scene or on a body. In 1985 the first genetically engineered domestic animal was produced, a pig (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1988 the first pharmaceutical producing genetically engineered plant was created. In 1989 data about the Beltsville pig was publicized. The Beltsville pig was a named after the agricultural research station in Maryland, USA. The genetically modified pig had a gene from human growth hormone and as a result of the gene suffered from a number of pathological conditions (A brief history of genetic modification). This example shows the danger of blending genes from totally different species because the result wont forever finish the means its desired to finish. In 1990 genetic modification created rennin, another name for rennin which is used to curdle milk, an enzyme used in making hard cheese (A brief history of genetic modification). In a substantial sure in human progress, in 1991 the primary factor medical care trials occurred on mortals. In 1993 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Bovine somatotropin, a metabolic protein hormone which is used to increase milk production in dairy cows. Scientists were able to accomplish this by determining which gene in cattle controls the production of Bovine somatotropin, and they isolated this gene from cattle and injected it in a bacterium called Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli produce large amounts of bovine somatotropin which scientists purified and then injected into cattle allowing them to produce more milk (A brief history of genetic modification). At a business standpoint in 1994 the first genetically modified crop plant to be wide spread sold in the United States was the FlavrSavr transgenic tomato. In 1995 the BT potato plant, BT stands for Bactillus thuringiesis, was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, which made the Bactillus thuringiensis potato the first pesticide producing crop to be sold on the market in the United States. In 1997 an announcement of the cloning of a transgenic lamb named Polly occurred. It was cloned with the cells engineered with a human gene and a marker gene. With this the cloning of a lamb was combined with genetic modification technology, which creates animals that produce a new protein (A brief history of genetic modification). Unfortunately in September of 1999 the first publicized patient death involved in gene therapy, where the death was caused by the gene therapy itself, was announced. In 2003 the human genome was sequenced (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Major Benefits of genetic engineering include the creation of healthier food options, creating a cheaper and more abundant source of medicine, it also helps in the creation of new and helpful medication to the growing list of ailments in our world.   The agricultural is one of the major benefactors of genetic engineering. Due to the growing population, the demand for food crop has also increased, traditional plant breeding is no longer effective as it used to be. This is where genetic engineering helps out. Researches on plant DNA mutation has yielded in larger crop produce than before and also a variety of new species are formed. Genetic engineering of food has made it possible for the world to produce more food per inhabitant than ever before (Altieri). Genetically engineered bacteria and fungi also have great value in agriculture. Rhizobium, for example, are being applied to soil all over the world in place of expensive nitrogenous fertilizers to produce a large yield of legume crops. Several approaches are being considered to increase legume yields with genetically engineered Rhizobium. (Brill).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In summary, Genetic engineering ha quite a history and it is safe to say that quite a number of research has been done concerning genetic engineering. There should still me legal boundaries as to what can be experimented on, and the government should regulate studies done.Genetics mutation has the potential to change our world for good. WORKS CITED Altieri, Miguel A. Genetic engineering in agriculture: the myths, environmental risks, and alternatives. No. 1. Food First Books, 2004. A brief history of genetic modification. n.d. gmeducation.org. Web. 4 November 2013. .   Brill, Winston J. Safety concerns and genetic engineering in agriculture. Science 227 (1985): 381-385. Butcher, Mavis. Genetically Modified Food- GM Food List and Information. 22 September 2009. Disabled World. Web. 19 November 2013. Engdahl, Sylvia. Genetic Engineering. Detroit: GreenHaven Press, 2006. Print. Genetic Engineering. Inbreeding. Hybridization 10/23/2013. Selective Breeding vs. Genetic Engineering. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA. PDF, DocPlayer, docplayer.net/27807986-Genetic-engineering-inbreeding-hybridization-10-23-2013-selective-breeding-vs-genetic-engineering-selective-breeding-recombinant-dna.html.

The Need for an Embedded Processor - 691 Words

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Design of Healthy Interior Environments Free Essays

KDA 320 Healthy Interior Environments Content: Introduction. Identity the bing planes, stuffs and objects. Scheme. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Healthy Interior Environments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Solution. Reference List. Part 1: Introduction What is IAQ about? IAQ stands for Indoor Air Quality, which is a term to depict the distinctive feature of an indoor infinite and concern of the major wellness, safety and public assistance about the design of the infinite. Why Indoor Air Quality is of import? Most of our life, we spend the most clip inside a edifice. Harmonizing to GREENGUARD â€Å"Indoor Air is 2 to 5 Timess More Contaminated Than Outdoor Air†[ ] As when we are inside a edifice, we are exposing to environmental pollutants when take a breathing indoor air.[ 1 ] What affect Indoor Air Quality? There is some chief facet that cause a hapless indoor air quality such as: – Chemicals – Mold – Particulates – Poor Ventilation Inside the procedure of planing a infinite, we need to admonish with the procedure of fabrication and building. Where in this instance the stuff may incorporate and let go of some sums volatile organic compounds ( VOC’s ) . VOC’s can be harmful when the chemicals exposed to human being.[ 2 ] VOC’s normally found in merchandises such as Furniture, Paint, Drywall, Bedding, Paint strippers, Adhesives/glues, Solvents, Upholstery and other fabrics, Carpet, Cleaning merchandises, Copy machine toners, Office supplies, Electronic equipment, Dry-cleaned vesture, Building stuffs.[ 3 ] Formaldehyde, Decane, Butoxyethanol, Isopentane, Limonene, Styrene, Xylenes, Perchloroethylene, Methylene, Chloride, Toluene, Vinyl chloride is some of the common VOCs in places, offices and schools.[ 3 ] What isGREENGUARDCertified Program? â€Å"GREENGUARD Certification is recognized and referenced in legion edifice plans, criterions and specifications around the universe. Merchandises with GREENGUARD Certification or GREENGUARD GoldCertification can lend to the accomplishment of points in established green edifice evaluation systems, satisfy codification or regulation standards and run into indoor air quality specific RFP requirements.†[ 4 ]    Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenguard.org/en/CertificationPrograms.aspx Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley P6-8 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenguard.org/en/indoorAirQuality/iaq_chemicals.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenguard.org/en/CertificationPrograms.aspx Part 2a: Public Space – Neil Pitt edifice Hotel Lobby img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.001.jpg" alt="C:UsersuserDesktopHIE AT2hotel lobby.jpg" / The hotel anteroom takes topographic point at bing Neil Pitt edifice located on Brisbane Street. Length ( m ) Height ( m ) Surface Area ( m2) Entire Wall and Column 60.30m 4.2m 253.26m2 New Built Wall 19.05m 4.2m 80.01m2 Display Wall, Partition 5.40m 4.2m 22.68m2 8.80m 1.2m 10.56m2 Window, Glass Door 15.4m 4.2m 64.68m2 Entire – – 431.19m2 Surface Area of Wall( High Impact IAQ ) Floor and Ceiling Area( High Impact on IAQ ) Floor Area = 16.05m ten 18.2m = 292.11m2 Ceiling Area = Floor Area – Void Area = 292.11m2– ( 4.28m x 12.196m ) =239.85m2 Volume of the Space( High Impact on IAQ ) = 18.2m ( L ) x 16.05m ( W ) x 4.2m ( H ) =1226.86m3 From above computation, the surface country of wall has the largest proportion of surface in the country. After subtraction out the divider and window portion, the wall has an country of 333.27m2. Therefore, choice of stuff for this will be most of import as it affect the most IAQ of that country. Floor country that consists of 292.11m2will be the 2nd largest surface within the country. And ceiling will be the last, consists of 239.85m2 The entire volume of this hotel anteroom is around 1226.86m3. For a public infinite like hotel anteroom that is in immense volume, there will be more fondness in airing and humidness of the infinite. Objects: Measure: Material Counter 1 Wood, Laminate Plant 14 Wood Table 7 Wood, Glass Lighting 28 Steel, Glass, Plastic Sofa 4 Wood, Leather Chair 18 Steel, Leather Air Conditioning 4 Steel, Plastic Others – – ( Low Impact on IAQ ) ( Medium Impact on IAQ ) Objects and Material in the Space Age of Material( Medium Impact on IAQ ) For Neil Pitt edifice, most stuff of the edifice is old and some might necessitate to hold retreatment or renovation on the bing stuff. There will be some impact to look on such as the lumber saving ( may utilize of toxic merchandise ) , bing brick and block ( may happen natural radiation ) , metal ( where some repainting demand to be done ) and some old adhesives or sealers might incorporate some dissolvers.[ 5 ] Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uq.edu.au/ohs/pdfs/pol-indoorair.pdf Part 2b: Private Space – Holyman House Double Bedroom img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.002.jpg" alt="C:UsersuserDesktopHIE AT2 oom.jpg" / The dual sleeping room located at Holyman House in Brisbane Street. This hotel room merely a little sleeping room with a dual bed plus a cabinet filled with fabric hanging, Television cabinet and besides workspaces. Length ( m ) Height ( m ) Surface Area ( m2) Wall 15.05m 3.76m 56.69m2 Window 2.38m 1.45m 3.45m2 Entire Wall – Window – – 53.24m2 Surface Area of Wall( High Impact IAQ ) Floor and Ceiling Area( High Impact on IAQ ) = 4.44m ten 3.083m – 1.471m x 0.996m = 13.69m2– 1.47m2 =12.27m2( both floor and ceiling ) Volume of the Space( High Impact on IAQ ) = [ 2.969m x 3.083m + 2.087m ten 1.471m ] x 4.2m =45.96m3 For this sleeping room, the wall besides occupied the most surface country with the entire wall size of 53.24m2. The Floor and ceiling occupied the 2nd with 12.27m2each. As for the room volume, this room has a little volume of 45.96m3. Comparison with the public infinite Hotel Lobby, this smaller infinite IAQ will better as got direct entree to the window which provide natural airing. Objects and Material in the Space Objects: Measure: Material Bed 1 Wood, Fabric Cabinet 3 Laminate Lighting 6 Steel, Glass Chair 1 Steel, Leather Television 1 Steel, Glass, Plastic Others – – ( Low Impact on IAQ ) ( Medium Impact on IAQ ) Age of Material( Medium Impact on IAQ ) Similar with Neil Pitt edifice, Holyman house most stuff is old and some might necessitate to hold retreatment or renovation on the bing stuff. Part 2c: Extra Factor Ventilation Ventilation is a procedure where air altering through an gap in the infinite. Hausladen A ; Tichelmann reference in their book that: â€Å"Natural airing is a agency of accomplishing a direct exchange between internal and external air through Windowss or dedicated airing louvres or flaps.†[ 6 ] img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.003.png" alt="" /For the Hotel Lobby country, the natural airing is non every bit good as the infinite is deficiency of opening such as window. It merely has a chief door entryway. Therefore for the anteroom country, mechanical airing will be needed. Holyman house sleeping room airing is better where they have own window and the size of the window is suited for the volume of the room. Figure 1[ 7 ] Humidity Humidity is the measure of H2O vapour in the ambiance. In cold topographic points illustration when winter, the humidness is low and for Tasmania, the temperature is cold, hence humidness is easier to command. To forestall grew of cast, humidness must non over the per centum of 70 % . There are several ways that can command humidness inside a room such as airing, temperature control and besides dehumidification.[ 8 ] External Air There is some common facet between external air and natural airing. As being reference above, Hotel lobby country is harder to acquire external air due to the location and deficiency of gap that expose the infinite to outside air. Mention: Hausladen A ; Tichelmann, 2010, Interiors Construction Manual: Integrated planning, Finishes and Fittingout, Techncal Services, DETAIL, Birkhauser P174-175 Hausladen A ; Tichelmann, 2010, Interiors Construction Manual: Integrated planning, Finishes and Fittingout, Techncal Services, DETAIL, Birkhauser P174-175 Godish, Thad, c1989, Indoor air pollution control. Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers P167-168 Part 3: Indoor Air Quality Strategy As the undertaking is take portion at old edifice, get downing by analyzing the factor of the bing edifice. From the edifice, the chief nucleus stuff will be brick work and concrete. Brick work effects on Indoor Air Quality They may happen some natural radiation. But this radiation merely to be found low in scope of merchandise. Concrete Concrete besides may incorporate natural radiation Timber Preservation of lumber might incorporate of toxic merchandise. As this three chief stuff will be found in the bing edifice which still need to be maintain and can’t be replace, I will travel to the following measure of aiming the care plan and remotion facet. The ground of this scheme is because a care of hotel is non easy when clean up, moreover this spread hotel is located individually. For the remotion facet is consider about after few old ages, the hotel might travel through for new redevelopment, repackaging the hotel. Using this, the stuff will be analysis to fit the scheme that traveling to be usage. The three primary surface stuffs will be floor, wall and ceiling. Material Selection – Floor Ceramic floor tiles: Portland cement- based will non breathe any VOCs and/or the growing of harmful allergens. Rug: will be host for dust touchs and cast spores. VOCs found to be emit from the dissolvers, latex backup or the adhesives use in the merchandise installing. Cork: may incorporate vinyl and methanal Linoleum: natural stuff, but some systems contain off-gassing. Some person may sensitivity with the linseed oil. Rubber flooring: disinfectant, but minimum off-gassing opportunities. Vinyl flooring: stuff that is component beginnings of VOCs. Wood flooring: maintainance such as varnishes, discolorations will give off big sums of VOCs.[ 9 ] Stone flooring: hard opposition, broad scope of coatings. Example of rock: Granite, Marble, Travertine.[ 10 ] Mention: Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley P54-55 Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley P149-151 Material Selection – Ceiling Acoustic Ceiling tiles: hold wet control, or wet balance. Some low denseness mineral fiber ceiling can absorb wet and humidness. Largely Low or no VOCs. Recyclable, renewable stuffs. Easy care. Ceramic tile: fireproof, similar with floor ceramic tiles, doesn’t commit VOCs. Low care, odorless. Concrete Ceiling: non see as green stuff, can be recycle. Care may necessitate sealer that might incorporate VOCs. Pressure might do cleft. Gypsum Board: lasting and can organize different form. Susceptible to H2O and wet harm and cause growing of cast. Metallic element Ceiling: Durable. Plaster Ceiling: non wholly environmental sustainable. However they will non breathe VOCs. Absorbs wet. May cleft after sometime. Excessive wet can damage it.[ 11 ] Mention: Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley P294-320 Material Selection – Wall Bead Board: meets the standards of GREENGUARD about the chemical emanations. Contain PVC that is beginning of VOCs. Durable and easy to keep. Brick Masonry: low care and lasting. Good for reuse and recycle. Some brick might be porous such as painting brick. Cement fibreboard: strong and immune to fire, insect and decay. But receive discoloration and will bit. No care required, wet fabric rub for cleansing. Ceramic tiles: similar to floor and ceiling ceramic tile. Easy to keep and lasting. Concrete: similar with concrete ceiling. Glass/ Glazing: transparent, translucent or with opaque stuff. High fire resistant. Installation have sequence for panel parts. Gypsum drywall: similar to gypsum ceiling.[ 12 ] Mention: Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley P203-283 Part 4: Solution to make a better Indoor Air Quality Shocking for Hotel Lobby For the Hotel Lobby, after gone through some list of stuff, rock type shocking which this suite my scheme demand of easy care and remotion facet. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.004.jpg" alt="http://www.ecostonefloors.com.au/products/54/golden2.jpg" /Rock flooring is easy to keep and did non incorporate of VOCs in the installing or remotion. There is a disadvantage where rock shocking pricing is rather high comparison to other flooring. The stuff is alone because its nature signifiers of texture. Travertine Stone Floor[ 13 ] Shocking for Hotel Rooms img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.005.jpg" alt="http://www.ec-group.com.au/media/com_hikashop/upload/thumbnail_563x559/ecsolutions-Sensations-Vista-702-Solution-Dyed-Nylon-Carpet.jpg" /For the suites, rug will be use although it is harder to clean. The rug supplier that to take will be their stuff is free emanation of VOCs and eco-friendly carpet pad. This is because of rug care is lower comparison to wood flooring, merely cleaning portion will be harder. Carpet besides can do the room experience warmer comparison to the rock flooring that being take to utilize at hotel anteroom. Nylon Rugs[ 14 ] Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecostonefloors.com.au/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ec-group.com.au/ ? view=featured Ceiling for both Hotel Lobby and Rooms Acoustic Ceiling tiles have been choose to be the ceiling stuff because of the non VOCs. It is besides easy to keep and clean. Other than that, acoustic ceiling supply some acoustic demand for the infinite which is an excess benefit other than the indoor air quality. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1277141.006.jpg" alt="http://www.gyprock.com.au/In%20Page%20Images/Gyprock%20Perforated%20plasterboard%20pattern.jpg" / Acoustic Ceiling[ 15 ] Wall for both Hotel Lobby and Rooms Brick masonry wall will be used as for the lasting and easy care scheme. The covering of the wall will be plastered and painted with GREENGUARD certified pigment. There will besides some glass wall at the hotel anteroom to supply natural sunshine into the infinite. Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gyprock.com.au/ Part 5: Mention List Books: Hausladen A ; Tichelmann, 2010, Interiors Construction Manual: Integrated planning, Finishes and Fittingout, Techncal Services, DETAIL, Birkhauser Gesimondo A ; Postell, 2011, Materiality and Interior Construction, Wiley Godish, Thad, c1989, Indoor air pollution control. Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis Publishers Bearg, David W. , c1993, Indoor air quality and HVAC systems. Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers Conran, T. , 2009, Eco House Book, Conran Octopus Susan, M. , 2012, Sustainable Design for Interior Environments, Bloomsbury Acad A ; Prof Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aerias.org/hospitality hypertext transfer protocol: //www.isiaq.org/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenguard.org/en/CertificationPrograms.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecostonefloors.com.au/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ec-group.com.au/ ? view=featured hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gyprock.com.au/ How to cite Design of Healthy Interior Environments, Essay examples